The subungulates. Share common ancestor with ungulates. Paenungulata

Order Hyracoidea—hyraxes

· One family Procaviidae—Africa, except NW deserts, though there are fossil forms ranging up to bear size.  Probably outcompeted by ungulates beginning in Miocene.  3 genera, argued number of species, currently 6.

· Rabbit size, appearance

· Lower incisors form comb.

· Moist, bare, suction cup-like feet

Order Proboscidea—elephants

Once had spectacular holarctic diversity, now reduced to two species

Family Elephantidae

Loxodonta africana, Elaphas maximus

Tusks are I2s

Teeth migrate erupt from back, migrate forward.

Must see page: http://www.chat.ru/~mammuthus/eng_evol.htm

Order Sirenia—4 species in two families, Trichechidae (3 species), Dugongidae (1 species)

• See http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/chordata/mammalia/sirenia/trichechidae.html
• http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/chordata/mammalia/sirenia/dugongidae.html
• Stellar's sea cow, hunted to extinction 27 years after discovery by modern seafarers. RIP 1768.

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The Ungulates

Herbivores, fermenters. Nearly worldwide distribution (no Australian species, Antarctica)

Order Perissodactyla

Odd numbers of toes, post-gastric fermenters

Family Equidae -- horses, asses, zebras  all Equus, 9 species

· Most cursorial of perissodactyls

· Domesticated in many parts of the world

· Among the best studied evolutionary trends

· Hyracotherium earliest horse, well-known.

· Most of early radiation in New World, went extinct, reintroduced by humans.

· Evolution heavily influenced by Miocene grassland development

· Must read http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/horses.html

Family Tapiridae—tapirs

· New World Tropics and Malaysia.

· Most primitive of Perissodactyla

· Only 4 species in 1 genus

· Prefer tropical moist forest

http://www.cd.sc.ehu.es/DOCS/nearnet.gnn.com/mag/10_93/articles/cricket/graphics/tapir.gif

Family Rhinocerotidae

· 4 genera, 5 species, among most endangered of mammals. (white, black, Sumatran, Javan, greater Indian)

· Much of early radiation was N. American

· Baluchitherium, an oligocene rhinocerotid, was the largest known land mammal, standing 6m at the shoulder. Indricotherium might have been heavier.

Order Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, deer, giraffes, antelope, cattle)

Tremendous diversity

Really radiated in Miocene, rather than Eocene

Paraxonic feet (plane of symmetry between digits 3 and 4)

First digit absent. Either 2 or 4 toes.

Hooves, typically

Suborder Suina – pigs, peccaries, hippopotami

Bunodont molars

Tusklike canines

Family Suidae—pigs—Old world. 9 species. Modern hog is Sus scrofa—transplanted everywhere. One Oligocene family had skulls 1 m in length.

Family Tayassuidae—javelinas or peccaries

New World. 3 species in 2 genera.

Pecari tajacu is the US wild pig--collared peccary

Family Hippopotamidae

2 genera, 2 species

Old World, now only Africa. 3600 vs. 180 kg for regular and pygmy species.

Suborder Ruminantia

Family Camelidae

2 species in the old world, dromedary and bactrian(2-humps).   2-4? species in the new world. Once had distribution only in N. America, now absent here.  New world ones include llamas & alpacas, vicunas, guanacos.

Family Tragulidae chevrotains or mouse deer

4 species Central Africa and SE Asia

tusklike upper canines

tiny, deer-like, 2-5 kg

http://www.nhm.org/research/libraries/beasts/images/09moschus.GIF

Family Cervidae-deer, elk, caribou, moose 36 species distributed throughout much of the world. Well known large diversity in Pleistocene. Those with short or no antlers have enlarged canines.

Antlers (except 2 species)

In KY, Odocoileus virginianus,
http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/graphics/deerrun2.jpg

Cervus elaphus
http://w3.trib.com/~rcccoc/elk.jpg

other US include Alces alces,
http://www.grand-isle-royale.com/moose.jpg

Odocoileus hemionus,
http://www.bighornmountains.com/cards/muledeer.jpg

Rangifer tarandus
http://www.exzooberance.com/virtual%20zoo/they%20walk/caribou/Caribou%20104072.jpg

Family Giraffidae, okapis and giraffes, only 2 species, Subsaharan Africa

Family Antilocapridae—1 species in N. America. Antilocapra americana

· Forked horns, very unusual. Sheaths but not core shed.

· Fairly diverse in Pleistocene, at least 4 species. http://www.amazilia.net/images/Mammals/Pronghorn.JPG

Family Bovidae—about 125 species, widely distributed. Long history of domestication. Probably twice as many genera in Pleistocene.

· Includes sheep, goats, antelope, cows, bison. Lots of exchange via Bering land bridge.

· Have horns.

· Subfamily Bovinae includes cattle, bison

· Bos taurus, Bison bison, Ovis aries, Capra hircus  in KY