BIOL 131- Human Anatomy and Physiology

BIO 131 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Exam 2: 3/5/97 Dr. Crawford

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE : Please circle the single best answer from the list provided with each question. (1.5 pts each)

1. Besides acetylcholine, ___________ is the major neurotransmitter of the autonomic nervous system.
a) epinephrine b) norepinephrine c) amino acid d) glutamic acid
2. Which of the following is the overall controlling center for the autonomic nervous system?
a) thyroid b) pituitary c) adrenal cortex d) hypothalamus
3. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems generally have _________ effects on organs that receive innervation from both.
a) opposing b) similar c) synergistic d) catastrophic
4. Cyclic AMP is an example of a ________.
a) hormone b) neurotransmitter c) second messenger d) steroid
5. In a negative feedback system of hormonal control, high levels of hormone in the blood ____ further release of that hormone.
a) stimulate b) inhibit c) have no effect upon
6. Which of the following are tropic hormones (ones that regulate the function of other endocrine glands)?
a) growth hormones, thyroid-stimulating hormone, insulin
b) prolactin, gonadotropins (FSH and LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone
c) thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, gonadotropins (FSH and LH)
d) prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, growth hormones
7. Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the _________.
a) neurohypophysis b) thyroid gland c) adenohypophosis d) adrenal cortex
8. Insulin, which promotes uptake of glucose by cells, is produced in the ___________.
a) thyroid b) parathyroid c) adenohypophysis d) endocrine pancreas
9. Hormones that act on neighboring cells are called _______
a) exocrines b) endocreines c) paracrines d) autocrines
10. Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system is ______ activating and ______- lasting.
a) slow, long b) slow, short c) fast, long d) fast, short
11. _________ are enzymes that phosphorylate other cellular proteins, thus altering their function
a) Proteinases b) protein kinases c) protein phosphatases d) alterases
12. Hypothalamic releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones travel to the adenohypophysis through the _________.
a) neurohypophysis b) pituitary duct c) bile duct d) hypophyseal portal veins
13. Acromegaly is a condition of enlarged skeletal elements and is caused by the over secretion of _________.
a) insulin b) luteinizing hormone c) thyroid hormone d) growth hormone
14. The testis is enclosed in and supported by the ______________.
a) tunica vaginalis b) scrotum c) epididymis d) ductus deferens
15. Fructose, which provides nutrients to sperm, is secreted by the _____________.
a) seminal vesicles b) prostate c) bulbourethral glands d) vestibular glands
16. Sertoli (sustentacular) cells form ______________.
a) the mucosa of the vagina b) the outer ring of cells in a follicle c) the outer ring of cells in the seminiferous tubule d) the lining of the ovaries
17. Which of the following is in correct sequence for events in the ovarian cycle?
a) primary follicle, Graafian follicle, ovulation, corpus luteum
b. primary follicle, secondary follicle, corpus luteum, ovulation
c. primary follicle, secondary follicle, corpus luteum, Graafian follicle
d. Graafian follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, ovulation
18. The ____________ is shed during menstruation.
a) perimetrium b) myometrium c) stratum basalis d) endometrium
19. Progesterone and estrogens are produced by ____________
a) polar bodies b) primary oocytes c) secondary oocytes d) corpus luteum
20. Semen contains ______________.
a). prostaglandins, spermatozoa, citrate b) oocytes, fructose c) fructose, prostaglandins d) a&c
21. Glands involved in the "brain-testicular axis" include ____________.
a) bulbospongiosum, thyroid, testes b) hypothalamus, pituitary, testes c) neither a nor b
22. Which of the following are in the correct order of travel for sperm?
a) vas deferens, epididymis, urethra b) seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens c) testes, vas deferens, epididymis d) epididymis, testes, urethra
23. Spermatogenesis occurs in the _________
a) seminiferous tubule b) prostate gland c) seminal vesicles d) fallopian tubes
24. Melanocytes produce melanin, which helps the skin protect against _________________.
a) temperature change b) bacterial infection c) drying out d) UV radiation
25. ___________ glands are responsible for the bad smell associated with sweating in adults.
a) ceruminous b) eccrine c) sebaceous d) apocrine
26. This layer of the epidermis undergoes constant cell division
a) stratum corneum b) stratum divisum c) stratum basale d) stratum spinosum
27. An important function of the skin is the synthesis of Vitamin _____ using sunlight
a) A b) B12 c) K d) D
28. An Immune cell of the epidermis is the __________.
a) Langerhan cell b) Merkel Cell c) melanocyte d) Pascinian cell
29. The articular surface of bone is covered with _________.
a) fibrous cartilage b) hyaline cartilage c) elastic cartilage d) shark cartilage
30. The distal and proximal ends of long bones are termed the __________.
a) diaphyses b) metaphyses c) dionysius d) epiphyses
31. The medullary cavity of bone is filled with _________.
a) marrow b) air c) hormones d) tofu
32. Compact bone is made up of _________
a) hydroxyapatite b) calcium carbonate c) magnesium d) a, b & c
33. Bone growth in the skull and mandible proceeds by
a) endochondral ossification b) epiphyseal growth c) intramembranous ossification
34. The H zone in the A band is due to _____________.
a) absence of thin filaments b) absence of thick filaments c) Z lines d) lack of all filaments
35. Sarcomeres make up ________.
a) myofibrils b) myofilaments c) cross bridges d) F actin
36. ___________are continuous with the sarcolemma and open to extracellular space.
a) sarcoplasmic reticulum b) cross bridges c) terminal cisternae d) T tubules
37. _____________ blocks the myosin binding sites on actin.
a) Troponin b) Tropomyosin c) Myosin d) Calcium
38. Thin filaments are composed of ______________.
a) actin b) tropomyosin c) troponin d) a, b and c
39. Smooth muscle fibers differ from skeletal fibers in that they do not have ________.
a) many nuclei b) striations c) sarcomeres d) a, b and c
40. Acetylcholine (ACh) carries a stimulus from an axon to a muscle fiber across the _________.
a) cross bridge b) troponin complex c) synaptic cleft d) terminal cisternae
41. A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates is called a ____________
a) somatic nerve b) motor unit c) contraction unit d) sarcomere
42. Which band of the sarcomere stays the same width no matter the state of contraction?
a) A b) I c) M d) H
43. ATP ase activity is possessed by which myofilament protein?
a) actin b) troponin c) tropomyosin d) myosin
44. Cardiac muscle differs from skelatal muscle in that cardiac muscle contains
a) striations b) sarcomeres c) branched fibers d) ATP
45. Calcium is important in skeletal muscle contraction because it
a) binds to troponin b) causes relaxation when it increases in concentration c) binds to myosin d) binds to actin

Fill in the Blank (1.5 pts each)

46. ________________ stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary in males.
47. ________________ is a second messenger that is produced in response to peptide hormones.
48. ________________ secretes an oily mixture called sebum into a hair follicle.
49. ________________ is a disease where bone density declines.
50 ________________ is the site in a skeletal muscle fiber where Ca2+ is released from.

SHORT ANSWER

51. Complete the following Table comparing the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS. (8 pts)
Characteristic Parasympathetic Sympathetic

location of ganglia
region of spine from which they originate
preganglionic neurotransmitter
postganglionic neurotransmitter

SHORT ESSAYS

52. Describe the basic differences between the mechanism of action of steroid and peptide (protein) hormones.
Be sure to include : Chemical nature of each, how its transported in the blood, location of receptors, and how cell function is affected. (7 pts.)
53. Explain the connection between puberty and the development of acne from what you know about skin and its secretions. (5 pts.)

54. You are a physician fresh out of med school when a parent with a 13 year old daughter that is 5' 11" tall comes to see you. The daughter plays 2 sports, soccer and basketball. He is trying to decide on whether to send the girl to either an expensive soccer camp or an equally expensive basketball camp. He would like to know if she will continue to grow ( making basketball the attractive option) or has reached her adult height (leaning toward soccer). Ethical issues aside, how could you make this determination and what will you look for to answer this question. (5 pts)

Extra credit

EC1. The enzyme that when activated makes cAMP is:
a) guanylate cyclase b) phosphodiesterase c) adenyl cyclase d) ATPase
EC2. The site where blood cells are formed (hemapoeisis) is the:
a) yellow marrow b) red marrow c) liver d) Vic Marrow

Author: Kenneth M. Crawford

Last Update : Thursday, September 25, 1997 - 2:21:36 PM