1.  The Adelie penguin, when diving, constricts its pulmonary artery and reduces blood flow to the lung by 80% (down to 20% of the normal flow rate).  What reduction in the radius of the artery is required to produce this decrease in flow rate ?

 a. 80%
 b. 33%
 c. 67%
 d. 54.8%

2.  In an individual suffering from dermatitis (an inflammation of the skin) capillaries in the skin become leaky to protein, the hydrostatic pressures are 35 mmHg (capillary) and 5 mmHg (interstitial); and the protein osmotic pressures are 25 mmHg in the blood and 20 mmHg in the interstitial fluid.  At the point where these pressure conditions prevail

 a. net fluid movement is into the capillary
 b. net fluid movement is out of the capillary
 c. there is no net movement of fluid
 d. volume of lymph fluid in this region is much smaller than in a non-diseased individual

3.  During exercise, blood is diverted away from the intestinal and renal circulation and towards skeletal muscles.  The flow of blood through one arteriole in the gastrocnemius muscle is found to increase 8-fold during exercise.  This could be brought about

a. increasing the arterial blood pressure 8X
b. increasing the radius of the arteriole to 8X the non-exercising radius
c. increasing the radius of the arteriole by 68% of the non-exercising radius
d. a or b  e. a or c

4.  This molecule or ion binds to hemoglobin and causes the P50 to increase.

a. CO2  b. 2,3 DPG  c. H+  d. all of the above

5.  Most CO2 is transported in the blood in the form of:

a. molecular CO2
b. bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
c. carbaminohemoglobin
d. carbonic acid
e. calcium carbonate

6.  If the P50 O2 for hemoglobin is 30 mmHg in a capillary in a metabolically active tissues, the P50 O2 in a capillary in the lung will be

a)  also 20 mmHg  b)  greater than 20 mmHg
c)  less than 20 mmHg d) cannot tell from the information given

7.  Oxygenated red blood cells are placed in an unbuffered physiological saline at pH 7.4.  The solution is bubbled with CO2.  The most likely change observed is

a. the amount of oxyhemoglobin declines  b. pH is raised to about 7.5
c. [Cl-] decreases in the Ringer's solution  d. [HCO3-] decreases in the Ringer's solution
e. a and c  f. b and d

8.  The maximum O2 content in blood in the fish gill is in

a.  at whatever site the ambient water is highest
b.  midway along the secondary lamellae
c.  posterior or trailing edge of the secondary lamellae
d.  anterior or leading edge of the secondary lamellae
e. a and d   f. a and c

9.  Inspiration is accomplished by:

a.) increasing thoracic cavity volume   b.) decreasing thoracic cavity volume
c.) increasing thoracic cavity pressure  d.) decreasing thoracic cavity pressure
e.) a and d      f.) a and c

10.  At sea level, the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is 20.95 %.  On top of Mt. Everest (29,000 ft.) the percentage of oxygen is:

a.) 22%  b.) 20.95%  c.) 8%  d.) 0%

11.  The significance of the right shift in the Oxygen Dissociation Curve (ODC) is

a.) favors O2 binding at the lung  b.) favors O2 unloading at the tissue
c.) favors O2 binding at the tissue  d.) favors O2 unloading at the lung

12.  For an equivalent change in pCO2, the change in pH of the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) will be ________ the blood

a.) less than b.) greater than c.) the same as

13. The hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve reveals that, at rest, about ____ of O2 is unloaded from hemoglobin in a systemic circuit of the blood.

a.) 10%  b.) 35%  c.) 60%  d.) 90%

14.  The diameter of blood vessels most directly affects:

A) resistance  B) venous return C) blood viscosity  D) stroke volume  E) heart rate

15.  Of the pressures involved in determining net filtration pressure, the highest pressure at the arterial end of a capillary is usually:

A) blood hydrostatic pressure  B) interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
C) blood osmotic pressure   D) interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
E) blood hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure are always equally high

16.  Blood flow increases if:

A) blood viscosity increases
B) parasympathetic stimulation to the heart increases
C) vasodilation increases
D) sympathetic stimulation to vessels with alpha adrenergic receptors increases
E) net filtration pressure increases

17.  Of the pressures involved in determining net filtration pressure, the highest pressure at the venous end of a capillary is usually:

A) interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure  B) interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
C) blood colloid osmotic pressure   D) blood hydrostatic pressure
E) blood hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure are always equally high

18.  Carbamino compounds are formed when:

A) carbon dioxide binds to proteins
B) carbon monoxide binds to the oxygen binding sites on hemoglobin
C) bicarbonate ions leave red blood cells
D) oxygen binds to hemoglobin
E) carbon dioxide enters the cerebrospinal fluid

19.  Most oxygen is transported in blood by:

A) simply dissolving in plasma  B) conversion to bicarbonate ion
C) the heme portion of hemoglobin  D) the globin portion of hemoglobin
E) any type of plasma protein

20.  The partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli at sea level is roughly:

A) 40 mm Hg   B) 45 mm Hg   C) 75 mm Hg   D) 105 mm Hg  E) 160 mm Hg

21.  Based on your knowledge of the gas laws and molecular activity, which of the following would you expect to result from an increase in temperature?

A) The solubility coefficient of a particular gas will increase.
B) The volume of a particular gas will decrease.
C) More of a particular gas can be dissolved in a liquid.
D) A particular gas will diffuse across membranes at a faster rate.
E) The partial pressure of the gas will increase.

22.  Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the:

A) pons B) alveoli C) walls of the aorta and carotid sinus
D) medulla oblongata           E) walls of the secondary bronchi

23.  Carbonic acid is produced when:

A) CO2 combines with bicarbonate ion B) CO2 combines with water
C) CO2 combines with O2   D) CO2 combines with hemoglobin
E) O2 combines with bicarbonate ion

24.  Compliance of the lung is affected primarily by the amount of elastic tissue in the lungs  and the:
A) thickness of the cartilage in the bronchial wall  B) diameter of the bronchioles
C) partial pressure of oxygen in inspired air  D) amount of surfactant
E) temperature of inspired air

25.  Normally, the HCO3- concentration in capillary blood in the digestive tract is 16 mM and pH is 7.3.  Dissolved molecular CO2 is 1mM.  Immediately after drinking a large glass of grapefruit juice (containing citric and ascorbic acid) that is rapidly absorbed, gut capillary blood pH falls to 7.1, while PCO2 remains unchanged.  What is the effect on gut capillary blood HCO3- for the short time that pH remains lowered.

A.  HCO3- rises by 6 mM  B.  HCO3- rises 0.2 mM
C.  HCO3- drops by 6 mM  D.  HCO3- will not change, because of the buffering       properties of hemoglobin

PROBLEMS/ SHORT ANSWER

26.  The yeti (a close relative of sasquatch) alledgedly lives at extremely high altitudes in the Himalayas.  If at 22,000 ft. the barometric pressure is 350 mmHg; a) What would be the partial pressure of O2 in inspired air assuming the air is warmed to body temperature and saturated by water vapor?  (5 pts)  b) What would be the dissolved oxygen content of a montane lake at 10 C at 22,000 ft.  Assume 0% relative humidity in ambient air. (5 pts.)
 
 
 
 

27.  A sample of normal oxygenated blood containing red blood cells is treated with a detergent to make the RBC membrane permeable to added chemicals.  Next, 2,3 DPG (diphosphoglycerate) is added.  The chemical event most likely to occur as a result of DPG treatment is: (2 pts.)

 a) release of protons (H+) by hemoglobin
 b) increase in oxygen affinity
 c) left shift in the oxygen dissociation curve
 d) release of O2 by hemoglobin

Explain your answer graphically showing the effects of 2,3 DPG on the Oxygen dissociation curve.  Be sure to label the axes. (5 pts.)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

28.  Acetazolamide is a drug that acts as an inhibitor of the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase and is prescribed to treat glaucoma patients.  Being an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, what side effects would you expect this drug to have on the ability of the blood to transport CO2? ( 7 pts)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

29.  In 932 A.D., King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table set forth across the British Isles in search of the Holy Grail.  They encountered many strange creatures in their travels.  Fortunately, among them was a physiologist (Sir Bandevere) a true Renaissance man who was adept at identifying witches and employing sheeps bladders to prevent earthquakes.  King Arthur (who was also "wise in the ways of science") asked Sir Bandevere to examine the Knights Who Say Nee (mutant creatures that cannot produce surfactant).  If Bandevere measured the pressure required to inflate the lung (using a sheeps bladder and a coconut) how would the data compare with normal Knights that do produce surfactant.  Draw a graph to illustrate the difference. (7 pts.).
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ESSAY

29.  The mammalian lung is not exactly a "model of efficiency".  Other animals, like the birds and fishes for example, are much more efficient at extracting O2 from their environments.  a) Describe ventilation of the mammalian lung and compare it to the respiratory organs of either birds or fish.  Be sure to discuss the nature of this efficiency/inefficiency with respect to the anatomical and physiological adaptations of these animals and b) what physical constraints do birds or fish overcome by developing this efficiency. (20 pts.)
 

  Use the back of this sheet to answer
 
 
 

Extra-credit: What is the air speed velocity of a fully laden swallow?