Biology 120 Fall 1998 Dr. Ouida Meier
Selected Key Terms for the Semester Review.
(I recommend that you focus on concepts surrounding these keywords as a means of prioritizing and tracking your review for the comprehensive portion of the final exam, worth about 20% of the total final exam grade. More detail has been preserved when selecting keywords for the Evolution and Ecology chapters since they also comprise the non-comprehensive part of the exam, worth about 80% of the total final exam. Breaks marked by ****** indicate points during the semester where exams were taken.)
PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR LIFE
Chapter 1: Concepts and Methods in Biology (The Nature of Scientific Inquiry; Experimentation; Scales of Biological Organization: Nested Systems)
Systems, inputs, outputs, nested hierarchies, scale. Cell, DNA, RNA, reproduction, energy, metabolism, photosynthesis, hypotheses, prediction, test, logic, experiments, control groups, variables, scientific theory, scientific method.
Chapter 2: Chemical Foundations for Cells
Elements, trace element, atoms, protons, neutrons, atomic number, mass number, isotope, chemical bonds, formula, chemical equation, reactant product, orbital shell, bonds, compounds, ion, ionic bond, covalent bond, nonpolar covalent bond, hydrogen bond, polarity, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, cohesion, solvent, solutes, spheres of hydration, H+, OH-, pH scale, acids, bases, buffer system, salts.
Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells
Organic compounds, functional groups, enzymes, condensation [reaction], hydrolysis, monomer, polymer, carbohydrate, sugar, monosaccharides, disaccharide, polysaccharides, ribose, deoxyribose, glycerol, lactose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, glycogen, lipids, fatty acids, unsaturated, saturated, triglycerides, phospholipid, sterols, cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, proteins, amino acid, R group, peptide bond, polypeptide chain; primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary protein structure, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, denaturation, nucleotides, ATP, coenzymes, NAD+, FAD, nucleic acids, DNA, RNA.
Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function
Cell, cell theory, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, eukaryotic cells, nucleus, prokaryotic cells, lipid bilayer, surface-to-volume-ratio, organelle, nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin, chromosomes, cytomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, stroma, grana, cytoskeleton, microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, flagella, cilia, centriole, microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs), cell wall.
Chapter 5: A Closer Look at Cell Membranes
Cell membrane, phospholipid, lipid bilayer, fluid mosaic model, glycolipids, cholesterol, transport proteins, receptor proteins, glycoproteins, selective permeability, concentration gradient, diffusion, dynamic equilibrium, electric gradient, pressure gradient, passive transport, facilitated diffusion, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, osmosis, tonicity, hypotonic solution, hypertonic solution, isotonic solution, molecular pumps, receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis.
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Chapter 6: Ground Rules of Metabolism
Metabolism, potential energy, kinetic energy, heat, chemical energy, first law of thermodynamics, second law of thermodynamics, entropy, chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium, law of conservation of mass, exergonic reaction, endergonic reaction, ATP, phosphorylation, ADP, metabolic pathways, biosynthetic, degradative, substrates, intermediates, end product, energy carriers, enzymes, cofactors, transport proteins, activation energy, active site, induced-fit model, allosteric control, feedback inhibition, coenzymes, NAD+, FAD, NADP+, electron transport systems.
Chapter 7: Energy-Acquiring Pathways
Autotrophs, photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, heterotrophs, photosynthesis, light-dependent reactions, light-independent reactions, chloroplast, stroma, grana, thylakoid membrane system, wavelength, electromagnetic spectrum, visible light, photon, pigments, chlorophylls, photosystems, reaction centers, electron transport system, cyclic pathway of ATP formation, photosystem I, noncyclic pathway of ATP formation, photosystem II, photolysis, chemiosmotic theory, Calvin-Benson cycle, stomata, photorespiration, C3 plants, C4 plants, CAM plants.
Chapter 8: Energy-Releasing Pathways
Aerobic respiration, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport phosphorylation, pyruvate, NAD+, NADH, mitochondrion, FAD, FADH, ATP synthase system, chemiosmotic theory of ATP formation, fermentation pathways, lactate fermentation, alcoholic fermentation.
Chapter 9: Cell Division and Mitosis
Reproduction, mitosis, meiosis, somatic cells, germ cells, chromosome, sister chromatids, centromere, chromosome number, diploid, cell cycle, interphase, G1, S, G2, M, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, spindle apparatus, microtubules, tubulin, centrioles, histones, nucleosome, kinetochore, cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis).
Chapter 10: Meiosis
Germ cells, gametes, asexual reproduction, genes, sexual reproduction, allele, meiosis, diploid number, homologous chromosomes, haploid number, sister chromatids, meiosis I, meiosis II, prophase I, synapsis, crossing over, genetic recombination, metaphase I, maternal chromosomes, paternal chromosomes, anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, spermatogenesis, sperm, oogenesis, ovum, fertilization
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PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE
Chapter 11: Observable Patterns of Inheritance
Genes, locus, alleles, hybrid offspring, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype, P, F1, F2, monohybrid cross, homologous chromosomes, probability, Punnett-square method, testcross, Mendelian theory of segregation, dihybrid cross, Mendel's theory of independent assortment, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple allele system, continuous variation.
Chapter 12: Chromosomes and Human Genetics
Genes, homologous chromosomes, alleles, crossing over, genetic recombination, X chromosome, Y chromosome, sex chromosomes, autosomes, karyotype, sex-linked genes, linkage groups, linkage mapping, autosomal recessive inheritance, autosomal dominant inheritance, X-linked recessive inheritance, deletion, duplications, inversion, translocation.
Chapter 13: DNA Structure and Function
Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, nucleotide, deoxyribose, adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, pyrimidines, purines, base pairing, DNA replication, semiconservative replication, DNA polymerases, DNA ligases, DNA repair, histones, domains.
Chapter 14: From DNA to Proteins
Base sequence, transcription, translation, ribonucleic acid, messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, ribosomes, transfer RNA, uracil, RNA polymerases, promoter, mRNA transcripts, poly-A tail, introns, exons, codons, genetic code, anticodon, wobble effect, initiation, elongation, termination, polysome, gene mutations, base-pair substitution, insertions, deletions, frameshift mutation, transposable elements, mutation rate, carcinogens.
Chapter 15: Controls Over Genes
Negative control systems, positive control systems, prokaryotes, operon, promoter, operator, repressor, eukaryotic cells, gene amplification, hormone signals
Chapter 16: Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering
Recombinant DNA technology, genetic engineering, plasmids, replication enzymes, restriction enzymes, sticky ends, DNA ligase, recombinant plasmids, DNA library, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA polymerases, DNA fingerprint, reverse transcription.
SELECTED TOPICS IN ORGANISM STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Chapter 35: Nervous Systems (Organismal Organization: Integration and Control, part 1)
Nervous system, nerve, nerve net, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, cephalization, nerve cord, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nerves, autonomic nerves, parasympathetic nerves, sympathetic nerves, fight-flight response, cerebral hemispheres, memory, short-term storage, long-term storage.
Chapter 37: Endocrine Control (Organismal Organization: Integration and Control, part 2)
Signaling molecules, hormones, neurotransmitters, local signaling molecules, pheromones, endocrine system, steroid hormones, peptide hormones, second messenger, negative feedback, positive feedback, exocrine, endocrine.
Chapter 45: Human Reproduction and Development
Gonads, testes, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), ovaries, oviduct, uterus, menstrual cycle, follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, estrogen, progesterone, sperm, ovum, fertilization, blastocyst, implantation, placenta, birth control methods.
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EVOLUTION
Chapter 17: Evolutionary Thought
Chain of Being, species, comparative anatomy, fossils, evolution, Cuvier's catastrophism, Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, Beagle, Galapagos finches, Lyell's Principles of Geology, Thomas Malthus, Alfred Wallace, Charles Darwin, theory of natural selection, On the Origin of Species.
Chapter 18: Microevolution
Population, variation, morphological traits, physiological traits, behavioral traits, polymorphism, gene pool, alleles, phenotype, allele frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, mutation rate, fitness, natural selection, directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection, balancing selection, peppered moths, gene flow, genetic drift, population bottleneck, founder effect, endangered species.
Chapter 19: Speciation
Speciation, species, biological species concept, gene flow, genetic divergence, natural selection, reproductive isolating mechanisms, allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation, evolutionary trees, adaptive radiation.
Chapter 21: Evolution and Diversity: The History of Life
Supernova, earth's crust, mantle, clay templates, proteinoids, metabolism, chlorophyll, porphyrin, RNA world, self-replication, self-assembling membranes, proto-cells, Archean, prokaryotic cells, eubacteria, archaebacteria, eukaryotic cells, stromatolites, Proterozoic, endosymbiosis, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, plate tectonics, Gondwana, Pangea, mass extinctions, asteroid.
Chapter 20: Macroevolution - key concepts already covered in Chapter 21. Used mostly as a brief case study of our own particular evolutionary history and lineage.
Lineages, fossils, geologic time scale, Linnaeus, binomial nomenclature, phylogeny, six-kingdom classification scheme, Monera, Protista, Fungae, Plantae, Animalia, Archaebacteria.
ECOLOGY
Chapter 46: Population Ecology
Ecology, demographics, population size, population density, population distribution, age structure, reproductive base, habitat, clumped/uniform/random distribution patterns, pirths, immigration, deaths, emigration, seasonal migrations, exponential growth, J-shaped curve, biotic potential, limiting factor, carrying capacity, logistic growth, S-shaped curve, density-dependent factors, density-independent factors, human population, demographic transition model, preindustrial stage, transitional stage, industrial stage, post-industrial stage.
Chapter 47: Community Interactions
Habitat, community, niche, potential niche, realized niche, neutral relationship, commensalism, mutualism, interspecific competition, intraspecific competition, resource partitioning
Chapter 48: Ecosystems
Autotrophs, primary producers, heterotrophs, consumers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, parasites, decomposers, detritivores, ecosystem, biogeochemical cycles: hydrologic cycle, atmospheric cycles, sedimentary cycles, ecosystem modeling, complex food webs, detrital food webs, food web path lengths, flows of matter, flows of energy, flows of information, indirect effects.
Chapter 49: The Biosphere
Biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, climate, temperature zones, biogeographic realms, biomes. Biodiversity.
Chapter 50: Human Impact on the Biosphere
Air pollution, pollutants, acid deposition, ozone thinning, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), solid wastes, agriculture, deforestation, desertification, desalination, salination, water pollution, water table, wastewater treatment, primary/secondary/tertiary treatment, fossil fuels, nuclear reactors, alternative energy sources. Quantification of impact. Ecological economics.
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Good luck! Email me at
ouida.meier@wku.edu or leave a phone message at 745-5948 when you run into questions as you study for your final exam, which is scheduled for Tuesday, December 15th, 1:00 pm - 3:00 pm in our regular classroom, Room 130 of the TCNW building. See you then!